Echoes from the past

过去的60年里，中国那些年轻人可以说是路漫漫其修远兮。 OVER the last 60 years, Chinese young people have come a long way.

20世纪50年代，他们被称为"祖国的花朵".因为他们是新中国培养起来的第一批年轻人。到了70年代，这些年轻人有了一个新的名字--"知青",他们走进农村向农民学习。80年代，那些文艺青年开始引导中国走向更富创造性的经济。 In the 1950s, they were called the "flowers of the motherland" because they were the first young generation to make their way through the new China. In the 1970s, young people became known as the "educated youth", having learned from peasants in the countryside. During the 1980s, "literary and artistic" youth began ushering China toward a more creative economy.

在下面的文章中，我们将重点介绍过去60年来的几个重要表达。这些词汇记录了中国从强调政治挂帅到保护文化、发展经济的巨大转变。它们让我们回想起中国经历了怎样翻天覆地的变化。它们让我们可以更好地将中国的故事讲给那些对中国感兴趣的外国友人们听。 In the following paragraphs, we will highlight several key expressions from the last six decades. These words and phrases document China`s shift from emphasizing politics to preserving culture and growing the economy. They remind us about how far we have come as a country. And they can help us better tell China`s story to foreigners interested in knowing more about our country.

20世纪50年代 1950s

好好学习，天天向上 study hard and move forward every day

1951年，苏州市一名8岁小学生陈永康帮助警察捉住了一名特务。事后，毛泽东主席为他题词"好好学习，天天向上"作为奖励。毛主席希望每个孩子都能好好学习，将来为祖国贡献自己的力量。写着这句标语的横幅几乎挂满中国的每间教室。 Mao Zedong wrote to honor an 8-year-old boy, Chen Yongkang, who helped police catch a spy in Suzhou, in 1951. Mao asked all kids to study hard to do a better job for the country. Banners with this slogan could be seen in almost every classroom. 年轻人经常戏谑地说Good good study, day day up.它和"Long time no see"（好久不见）一样逐渐成为部分老外能明白的中式英语。但这样的直译只是博君一笑的特例。

粮票 food coupon

计划经济体制下，粮票是人们购买某些粮食的必备凭证。较低的农业产出导致了食物供给的短缺和定额分配制度，而粮票恰恰解决了这一分配问题。这种定额分配制度一直持续到90年代早期。如今，它们已经成了收藏者们的挚爱。 This allowed people to get certain food supplies under the planned economy. Low agricultural production meant insufficient food supplies and a quota system and the coupons were a means of distribution. The quota system lasted to the early `90s. The tickets are now the stuff of collectors. 那时是国家统一定价（uniform pricing system）, 后来经济发展了，市场上出现了国家供应粮之外的市场定价粮，通常高于国家牌价，叫做"议价粮".可以解释为food that`s outside the quota system, which has a higher price.

20世纪60年代 1960s

毛主席语录 quotations from Chairman Mao

几乎所有人都听说过《红宝书》。1964年至1976年，人们从毛泽东的演讲和着作中摘选部分内容制成语录并出版发行。人们被要求背诵其中的语句，并以此来指导他们的思想。西方人根据该书红色的书皮和口袋书的大小将其命名为" Little Red Book". Practically everyone has heard of the Little Red Book. This collection of quotations from Mao Zedong`s speeches and writings was published from 1964 until about `76. People had to remember lines and use them to guide their thoughts. The title Little Red Book was coined by Westerners because of the red cover and pocket-book size.当年为了翻译《毛主席语录》，国家动用了强大的专家力量，因此据说英文版"红宝书"是学习翻译的好教材。

红卫兵 Red Guard

在文化大革命时期，几乎所有的中学生和大学生都是革命的"红卫兵".在小学，小红卫兵替代了少先队员。"四人帮"利用红卫兵来挑战权威。他们是导致社会动乱的主要原因。1978年，"四人帮"终于被彻底粉碎，红卫兵也不复存在。 Basically middle-school and college students during the "Cultural Revolution" that Chairman Mao allowed to act as revolutionaries. In primary schools, Little Red Guards replaced the Young Pioneers. The "Gang of Four" used Red Guards to challenge authority. They were a key cause of social disorder, but their reign ended in 1978. 红卫兵的主要手段是贴"大字报"（wall posters using large Chinese characters as a means of protest or propaganda）,以及全国"大串联"（red guards took public transportation for free across the country to exchange revolutionary ideas）.

20世纪70年代 1970s

知青 educated youth

60年代中期到70年代末，约1700万城市中学毕业生响应毛主席的号召来到农村。他们被告诫要尊敬农民，向农民学习。到了1979年，大多数知青返回城市。但是他们很难适应新的社会。 From the mid-`60s to the late-`70s, about 17 million urban middle school grads answered Mao`s call and flocked to the countryside. They were encouraged to pay respect to and learn from the peasants. By 1979, most educated youth were heading back to the cities but they had a hard time adapting to the changed world. 当代的"新知青"-村官，翻译为student village officials.

走后门 pull string

"走后门"可直译为"entering through the back door".该词源自计划经济下人们利用自己的关系从国营商店的后门获取商品这一行为。这种现象在70年代末知青绞尽脑汁返回城市时达到了高潮。 Literally, "entering through the back door". It originated under the planned economy when people used connections to get goods from the back door of a state-owned shop. This string-pulling reached a sort of climax in the late `70s when the "educated youth" tried everything possible to get back to the cities. pull strings来源于木偶戏，引申为幕后操纵，或利用关系进行幕后操纵。相关表达"拉关系"可翻译成make social connections to gain favors.

老外 laowai

"老外"直译就是"old foreigner"."老外"这一新词出现在70年代末，改革开放后，大批外国人涌入中国。起初，该词含有一种戏弄的口气。如今，该词多用为一种友好的昵称。 Literally "old foreigner", the term was coined in the late 1970s as many foreigners came to China after the country`s reform and opening up. At first it carried a teasing tone. But now it`s more of a friendly nickname. 像大山这种在中国居住、工作或学习时间较久，精通中国文化的外国人常被称作an old China hand中国通。

20世纪80年代 1980s

铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

"铁饭碗"指由政府提供的有保证的终生制工作。因此，这些人永远不愁失去工作。然而，到了80年代，在新的市场经济体制下，就业竞争机制出现。存在了30多年之后，备受人们喜爱的"铁饭碗"退出了历史舞台。 A secure, lifetime job assigned by the government. Where was no fear of losing the job. By the `80s, with the new market economy, there was a competitive model of employment. And the cherished iron rice bowl was gone after more than 30 years. 英语中，表示一份工作稳定通常用safe, stable或者reliable来形容。

三好学生 all-round good student

"三好学生"直译为"thrice-good",指在德、智、体三方面都很优秀的学生。该词最早在50年代由毛主席提出，旨在鼓励年轻人强身健体、努力学习、勤奋工作。 Literally, "thrice-good", given to students who were virtuous, talented, and good at PE; first used in the `50s by Mao to encourage young people to keep fit, study well, and work hard. "三好"指的是德、智、体三方面，而英语中的 straight A student指的是每门功课都得A的学生。所以两者并不完全对等。"三好学生"也不能翻成 three-goods student,因为goody-goody是指那种在老师面前挣表现的"好"学生。

倒爷 profiteering

在 1979年的市场经济体制下，价格双轨制开始实行。那时，某些特定商品的价格是固定的，这些商品不对外出售而是采取分配的方式。若生产量超出配额，工厂可以高价卖出这些剩余商品。如此一来，那些政府、工厂领导的"关系户"就能以低价买进这些商品，然后再高价卖出。到了1987年，这种倒买倒卖的行为才被禁止。 For the market economy, a dual-pricing system was tried in 1979. The price of certain goods was fixed and they were distributed instead of sold. If a factory exceeded its quota, it could sell the surplus at a higher price. People close to government or factory officials got the low-priced goods and sold them at a higher price. This profiteering was outlawed in 1987. 官倒，是指官员利用职权进行倒买倒卖谋利，可译为official profiteering.

待业青年 youth waiting for job

80年代，政府停止为中学毕业生提供国企及政府机关的工作机会，致使社会上出现大批待业青年。其中，一部分人能从退休父母那里继承工作；另一部分人则只能选择小型企业。 The unemployed young people of the `80s, after the government stopped assigning jobs to middle school grads, at State-owned enterprises or government offices. Some unemployed youth could "inherit" a post from a retired parent. Others tried small businesses. 待业只是失业的好听说法，英语叫between jobs.现在有些年轻人毕业后take a gap year,四处旅游或学习更多技能后再来找工作。

20世纪90年代 1990s

炒股 speculate in stock

90年代，上海、深圳交易所创立后，股票市场投资大行其道。根据其不稳定的特征，中国人用烹饪中的"炒"（翻炒）来形容炒股交易，该词还包含了保持股票不断买卖交易、维持股票热度的含义。 Investing in the stock market was the order of the day in the late `90s after the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges opened. Chinese used a word from cooking, "chao" （stir-fry）, to describe the unstable nature of the trading, which involved keeping the shares moving （buying and selling） to keep it hot. "炒"后来被广泛用于口语，炒房、炒楼都可以用speculate.

包二奶 keeping a mistre

"包二奶"一词源自广东话，指一个已婚男人的长期婚外恋行为。通常，他要为对方提供金钱、车子甚至别墅。到了90年代，人们的收入足以负担这些花费后，"包二奶"现象更加普遍。 Originally, Cantonese for a married man with a long-term extramarital affair, where he kept a woman by giving her money, a car, or a flat. This became more common in the late `90s when people got rich enough to afford such costs. 包二奶的男人叫sugar daddy,"傍大款"就是 find a sugar daddy."包养":pay for a mistress ."被包养": financially dependent on a man who`s having an affair with her.

2000年 2000s

小康 well-off

所谓小康，是指一种相对舒适的生活标准。该词源自孔子，80年代末邓小平在改革开放时期重申该词。小康社会不仅要解决温饱问题，还要将人们的生活标准提升到一个较高的水平，在文化和教育方面都有所提升。 This refers to a standard of living that`s considered relatively comfortable. It`s originally from Confucius and was used by Deng for the reforms by the end of the `80s. A well-off society would not only solve the clothing and food problems, but would also push the standard of living to a higher level, culturally and intellectually. well-off是指具备充足的物质条件，可以过上惬意舒适的生活。按照该定义，如果说一个人well off,他就应该有自己的房子和汽车，衣食住行游，样样不用愁。但从我国总体情况来看，我们所说的"小康"依然够不上这样的标准。

囧 sunk

"囧" 是个不常见的词。在传统意义上，其意思是"光明".2008年，网友将其作为最佳在线聊天的表情符号，该词再度被广泛运用。由于该字看起来很像一个失望的表情，它还被赋予一个新含义：尴尬和困窘。此外，在口语中它还能用作形容词。有时，它还和"orz"一起用作"囧rz",表示一个人跪在地上，象征绝望、失败的样子。 This uncommon character means "brightness" in its classical sense. Around 2008, netizens brought it back to life as a perfect emoticon for online chatting. It has a look of disappointment, so it`s gained a new meaning: embarrassment or awkwardness. It is also used in spoken language as an adjective. Sometimes it`s used in conjunction with "orz", as "囧rz", to represent a person on hands and knees, a symbol of despair or failure. 英文当中有一些常用的词组或用法，可以表达"囧",比如 turn red in the face,从字面意思就可看出是因为尴尬，害羞而脸红；或I just died,意思是 I was so embarrassed I really wanted to"die".